Known of which are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), and Nasdaq. There are also several regional exchanges, ranging from Boston to Honolulu. Stocks sold on an exchange are said to be “listed” there; stocks sold through Nasdaq may be called “over-the-counter” (OTC) stocks. The Stock Market for Beginners. 2 2 What is a share? • If you own a share, you own a portion of a company. In the same way you. • To buy or sell shares on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) you need to open a brokerage account with a stockbroker. • To find out how to open a brokerage account, click here. Investing for Beginners 101: 7 Steps to Understanding the Stock Market www.einvestingforbeginners.com 8 Step 2/7: How the Stock Market Works The saying goes that knowing is half the battle, and the same is true with investing in the stock market. By yearning to educate yourself about how to invest and build wealth.
You’re investing in stocks — good for you! To make the most of your money and your choices, educate yourself on how to make stock investments confidently and intelligently, familiarize yourself with the Internet resources available to help you evaluate stocks, and find ways to protect the money you earn. Also, be sure to do your homework before you invest in any company’s stock.
The 10 Most Important Points about Stock Investing
If you’re committed to investing in stocks, keep the following points in mind as you make your choices and reap your rewards. After all, stock investing is fun and frightening, sane and crazy-making, complicated and simple — and you may need reminders to stay focused.
You’re not buying a stock; you’re buying a company.
The primary reason you invest in a stock is because the company is making a profit and you want to participate in its long-term success.
If you buy a stock when the company isn’t making a profit, you’re not investing — you’re speculating.
A stock (or stocks in general) should never be 100 percent of your assets.
In some cases (such as a severe bear market), stocks aren’t a good investment at all.
A stock’s price is dependent on the company, which in turn is dependent on its environment, which includes its customer base, its industry, the general economy, and the political climate.
Your common sense and logic can be just as important in choosing a good stock as the advice of any investment expert.
Always have well-reasoned answers to questions such as “Why are you investing in stocks?” and “Why are you investing in a particular stock?”
If you have no idea about the prospects of a company (and sometimes even if you think you do), use stop-loss orders.
Even if your philosophy is to buy and hold for the long term, continue to monitor your stocks and consider selling them if they’re not appreciating or if general economic conditions have changed.
Checking Important Company Fundamentals before Investing in a Stock
Before you buy stocks, you have to do a little research on the companies you’re thinking of investing in. Pay attention to the following key components when you look at a company’s main financial statements (the income statement and the balance sheet):
Earnings: This number should be at least 10 percent higher than the year before.
Sales: This number should be higher than the year before.
Debt: This number should be lower than or about the same as the year before. It should also be lower than the company’s assets.
Equity: This number should be higher than the year before.
Financial Measures to Consider before Investing in a Stock
You’re thinking of buying stock in a company, but before you invest your hard-earned money in hopes of a profitable return, check out some financial ratios that can help indicate whether the company is on sound financial footing. Here are key measures to consider:
Price-to-earnings ratio (P/E): For large cap stocks, the ratio should be under 20. For all stocks (including growth, small cap, and speculative issues), it shouldn’t exceed 40.
Price-to-sales ratio (PSR): The PSR should be as close to 1 as possible.
Return on equity (ROE): ROE should be going up by at least 10 percent per year.
Earnings growth: Earnings should be at least 10 percent higher than the year before. This rate should be maintained over several years.
Debt-to-asset ratio: Debt should be half of assets or less.
A Mandatory Reading List for Stock Investors
Before you buy stock in a company, you need to do a little light — or not-so-light — reading. Investing in stock without checking out the company beforehand is a recipe for disaster. So before you plunk down your money, be sure to read the following:
The company’s annual report
The 10K and 10Q reports that the company files with the SEC
Standard & Poor‘s Stock Reports
Value Line Investment Survey
The Wall Street Journal and/or Investor‘s Business Daily
Reputable stock investing websites
Internet Resources for Stock Investing
With the tools available on the Internet, you have no excuse for not researching any and every potential stock investment. The following list of resources links you to some of the best financial websites around. Look at what they have to say about a company or an investment before you take the plunge.
Reassuring Points for Nervous Stock Investors
With the world looking so crazy and volatile sometimes, it’s important to note that prudent investing isn’t just about what you invest in but also how you invest. If you want to build long-term wealth through stock investing and still be able to sleep at night, then consider these points:
Invest in stocks of profitable companies that sell goods and services that a growing number of people want. Your stocks will zigzag upward.
As long as you invest in stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) with human “needs” (rather than “wants”) in mind, your long-term investing success will be more assured.
If you keep your money diversified broadly across stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, and hard assets (such as real estate and precious metals) and keep adequate cash in the bank, you’ll be much safer in the long run.
Keeping informed every day about your portfolio, the financial markets, and the general economy will keep you from the fear and anxiety that come from the unknown and the surprises that are inevitable.
Being aware of investing tools and using them regularly (such as stop-loss orders and put options) give you more control against the downside and more peace of mind.
Keep a tight control on your debt and finances. In turn, this practice will ease the pressure to invest aggressively with a short-term focus and help you focus more on the longer term instead.
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